Biology 11 syllabus

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All Biology 11 learning outcomes

Explain that evolution happens due to variation in organisms and the selection pressures that organisms face
Define biochemistry/molecular biology
Describe that cells are the basic unit of life with respect to 7 properties of Life. (Movement, Respiration, Homeostasis, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition)
Identify the role and component parts of the active site of an enzyme.
Describe the structures of the male reproductive system and identify their functions
Define species, population, community and ecosystem.
Outline the taxonomic position of prokaryotes in terms of domains archaea and bacteria and in terms of kingdom monera.
Justify the status of viruses among living and non-living things.
List the macro and micronutrients of plants highlighting the role of each nutrient
Decisions relating to measurements and observations
Discuss the evidence that is provided by biogeography
Describe Briefly the different types of bonds found in biology (hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, interactions, ionic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions etc.)
Identify the ultrastructure of animal and plant cells.
Differentiate among the three types of cofactors i.e. in organic ions, prosthetic group and coenzymes, with examples.
Define male reproductive hormones and explain their functions
Distinguish between the various modes of nutrition different species possess.
Explain the phylogenetic position of prokaryotes.
Trace the history of viruses since their discovery.
State the examples of carnivorous plant.
Within an investigation, students should be able to: identify the independent variable and dependent variable; decide a suitable range of values to use for the independent variable; decide the number of different values of the independent variable; decide how to change the value of the independent variable; decide how the dependent variable should be measured; decide the number of replicates; decide on appropriate controls; decide which variables need to be standardized.
Analyse the evidence of evolution that comes from molecular biology.
Distinguish carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids as the four fundamental kinds of biological molecules.
Describe the structure and functions of subcellular organelles. (mitochondria, nucleus -cell membrane, chloroplast, lysosomes, cell wall, centrioles, - Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, peroxisome, vacuoles, ribosomes
Explain the mechanism of enzyme action through the Induced Fit Model, including comparing it with Lock and Key Model.
Explain the structures of female reproductive system and describe their functions
Identify plants as producers for converting light energy to chemical energy
Justify the occurrence of bacteria in the widest range of habitats.
Classify viruses on the bases of their hosts and structure.
Explain the role of stomata and palisade tissue in the exchange of gasses in plants.
Within an investigation, students should be able to: follow instructions to collect results; consider the hazards of the procedure; take readings to obtain accurate data.
Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution on the basis of inheritance of the homologous and analogous structures.
Describe and draw sketches of the condensation - synthesis and hydrolysis reactions for the making and breaking of macromolecule polymers.
Define cell signalling.
Explain enzyme catalysis with example of specific reactions
Describe the menstrual cycle and the hormones involved.
Define trophic levels.
Draw an annotated diagram of a generalized bacterial cell.
Describe the structure of a model bacteriophage, and HIV
Relate transpiration with gas exchange in plants.
Recording data and observations Within an investigation, students should be able to: record raw results and calculated results in an appropriate table; record quantitative data to the number of decimal places that is appropriate; record qualitative observations using clear descriptions; record the fine details of the specimen.
Describe the Endosymbiotic theory about the mechanism of evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes
State the properties of water (high polarity, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, cohesion, hydrophobic exclusion, ionization and lower density of ice) allow it to be the medium of life.
Discuss the pathway of a signal from outside the cell to the inside. (Protein signal and steroid signal)
Define energy of activation and discuss through graph how an enzyme speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy of activation.
Define gene (as a sequence of nucleotides as part of DNA, which codes for the formation of a polypeptide.)
Discuss the loss of energy between trophic levels.
Justify cyanobacteria are considered as the most prominent of the photosynthetic bacteria
Justify that a virus must have a host cell to parasitize in order to complete its life cycle.
Assess the structure of xylem vessel elements, sieve tube elements, companion cells, tracheids and relate their structures with functions.
Display of calculation and reasoning
Describe the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, as proposed by Lamarck with example of giraffe neck
Define carbohydrates and classify them.
Define Stem cells and advantages of using stem cells
Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme action with example of human and thermophilic bacteria
Explain the law of segregation and independent assortment, using a suitable example related to the pea plants.
Explain the greenhouse effect with examples of gases that exhibit this behaviour.
Describe detailed structure and chemical composition of bacterial cell wall and other coverings.
Explain a virus survives inside a host cell, protected from the immune system.
Discuss the movement of water between plant cells, and between the cells and their environment in terms of water potential.
Within an investigation and when using the light microscope and photomicrographs, students should be able to: display calculations clearly, showing all the steps and reasoning; use the correct number of significant figures for calculated quantities.
State the drawbacks in Lamarckism.
Compare and contrast the properties and roles of monosaccharides and write their formula
Categorize different types of stem cells
Investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity Compare the optimum pH of different enzymes like trypsin, pepsin, papain.
Relate the Law of independent assortment to random orientation of chromosomes during Meiosis.
Describe the harmful effects of greenhouse gases on the environment.
Compare cell wall differences in Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Determine the method a virus employs to survive/ pass over unfavourable conditions when it does not have a host to complete the life cycle.
Describe the movement of water through roots in terms of symplast, apoplast and vacuolar pathways.
Within an investigation, Students should be able to: display data as a graph (continuous data), bar chart (discontinuous or categorical) or histogram (frequency data); draw a graph, bar chart or histogram clearly and accurately.
Describe non vascular plants (Bryophytes,)
Compare the isomers and stereoisomers of glucose.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
Demonstrate that the concentration of enzyme affects the rate of enzyme action
Express limitations of independent assortment and its usefulness.
Explain with regards to ocean acidification coral reefs are used as a barometer for the health of an aquatic ecosystem.
Illustrate with diagrams the great diversity of shapes and sizes found in bacteria.
Describe the Lytic and Lysogenic life cycles of a virus.
Explain the movement of water in xylem through TACT mechanism.
When using the light microscope and photomicrographs, students should be able to: make drawings, using a sharp pencil to give finely drawn lines that are clear and unbroken; make drawings that use most of the available space and show all the features observed in the specimen, with no shading; organize comparative observations, showing differences and similarities between specimens.
Explain the life cycle of polytrichome
Distinguish the properties and roles of disaccharides
Explain the structure of the cell membrane and the techniques that can be used to study it.
Describe enzymatic inhibition, its types and its significance with examples.
Show that independent assortment leads to variation in the gametes.
Define biogeochemical cycles and locate the primary reservoirs of the chemicals in these cycles.
Justify the endospore formation in bacteria as a mechanism of survival to withstand unfavourable conditions.
Outline the usage of bacteriophage in genetic engineering.
Describe the mechanisms involved in the opening and closing of stomata.
Interpreting data and observations
Describe the general features of vascular plants
Describe glycosidic bonds in disaccharides.
Explain the 4 membrane transport mechanisms with diagrams: (simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis, Active transport).
Name the molecules which act as inhibitors.
Evaluate that inheritance of genes and their mixing during fertilization is based on mathematical probabilities.
Describe the water cycle in detail.
Explain motility in bacteria.
Explain the life cycle of HIV.
Explain the movement of sugars within plants.
Within an investigation, students should be able to: calculate an answer with the correct number of significant figures; use a graph to find unknown values; estimate the concentrations of unknown solutions; identify the contents of unknown solutions using biological molecule tests; identify anomalous results; describe patterns and trends; evaluate the confidence with which conclusions might be made; compare observable features of specimens.
Identify the division between vascular plants (pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms)
Describe the structure properties and roles of polysaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with diagrams.
Categorize inhibitors into competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
Describe the exceptions to the Mendel's laws of inheritance.
Define the terms aquifers and water table.
Describe with diagram structure of bacterial flagellum.
Justify the name of the virus i.e., “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” by establishing T helper cells as the basis of immune system.
Define osmotic adjustment.
From results, observations or information provided, students should be able to: summarize the main conclusions; state and explain whether a hypothesis is supported; make predictions from the patterns and trends in data; suggest explanations for observations, results, patterns, trends and conclusions.
Explain the general characteristics pteridophytes
Define protein, amino acid and recognized essential amino acid and structural formula of amino acid.
State cell theory (including how to validate it and exceptions to it.)
Explain feedback inhibition.
Explain incomplete dominance and exemplify it through the inheritance of flower colour in 4 0' clock plant
Discuss nitrogen cycle in detail.
Describe genomic organization of bacteria with respect to circular DNA and plasmids.
Reason out the specificity of HIV on its host cells.
State movement of water into or out of the cell in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic conditions.
Within an investigation and when using the light microscope and photomicrographs, students should be able to: identify systematic or random errors in an investigation; identify the main sources of error; suggest improvements to a procedure; suggest how to extend the investigation; describe clearly, in words or diagrams, improvements to the procedure.
Explain the life cycle of ferns
Outline the synthesis and breakage of peptide linkages.
Compare and contrast the workings of a light microscope and electron microscope with focus on resolution and magnification and live vs dead samples.
Classify enzymes on the basis of the reactions catalysed (oxido-reductases, transferases, hydrolases, isomerases, and ligases).
Differentiate between incomplete dominance and codominance.
Describe productivity in terms of gross primary productivity and net primary productivity.
Classify bacteria on the basis of methods of obtaining energy and carbon.
List the symptoms of AIDS.
Explain the osmotic adjustments in hydrophytic (marine and freshwater), xerophytic and mesophytic plants and plants in saline soil.
Describe the general characteristic of gymnosperms and classify them
Justify the significance of the sequence of amino acids through the example of sickle cell haemoglobin.
Write the chemical structure of a single phospholipid (Glycerol as a three carbon molecule, phosphate group, one unsaturated fatty acid tail and one saturated fatty acid tail).
Classify enzymes on the basis of the substrates they use (lipases, diastase, amylase, proteases etc.)
Define alleles and multiple alleles
Interpret the pyramids of number, biomass and energy.
Differentiate between the photosynthesis mechanisms in cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria.
Explain opportunistic diseases that may attack an AIDS victim.
List the adaptations in plants to cope with low and high temperatures
Describe the life cycle of pinus
Classify proteins as globular and fibrous proteins.
Describe endocytosis and exocytosis with diagrams.
Explain the role of light, carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis
State the alleles responsible for the trait of ABO blood groups.
Define ecological succession as the process through which ecosystems change from simple to complex.
List the phases in the growth of bacteria.
Describe the treatments available for AIDS.
Describe Explain the turgor pressure and its significance in providing support to herbaceous plants.
Describe the general characteristic of angiosperms and classify them
List the roles of structural proteins and functional proteins with 3 examples
Compare and contrast simple and facilitated diffusion.
Identify the two general kinds of photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls)
Explain the case where two alleles have equal dominance through the genetics of human blood group AB.
Describe primary and secondary succession.
Describe different methods of reproduction in bacteria.
List some common control measures against the transmission of HIV.
Describe the structure of supporting tissues in plants.
Explain the life cycle of angiosperms
Define lipids
Explain the steps of mitosis and meiosis with diagrams.
Describe the roles of photosynthetic pigments in the absorption and conversion of light energy
Name the various human blood group systems.
Differentiate between xerarch and hydrarch succession.
Describe the causative agent, symptoms, treatment and prevention of the following viral diseases: hepatitis C, herpes, polio and leaf curl virus disease of cotton.
Define growth and explain primary and secondary growth in plants.
Describe general characteristics and economic importance of the following angiospermic families Brassicacaeae SolanaceaePoaceae
Describe the properties and roles of acylglycerols, phospholipids, terpenes and waxes.
Differentiate between the absorption spectra of chlorophyll 'a' and 'b'
Investigate the reasons for O -ve individual as the Universal donor and AB +ve as the Universal recipient.
Explain the xerarch succession on a bare rock starting from the small pockets of lichens to the vegetations of flowering plants.
List the sources of transmission for each of the above-mentioned diseases.
Justify the formation of annual rings
Identify that animals are divided into two major groups as invertebrate and vertebrate
Illustrate the molecular structure (making and breaking) of an acylglycerol, a phospholipid and a terpene
Describe the arrangement of photosynthetic pigments in the form of Photosystem-I and II.
Describe the occurrence of some other blood group systems.
Describe characteristics of a population, such as growth, density, distribution, carrying capacity, minimum/viable size.
Describe bacteria as recyclers of nature. Outline the ecological and economic importance of bacteria.
Describe the structure of prions and viroids.
Explain influence of apical meristem on the growth of lateral shoots.
Describe the general characteristics, importance and example of sponges cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes (nematodes), molluscs, annelid, arthropods and echinoderms
Evaluate steroids and prostaglandins as important groups of lipids
Describe the events of non-cyclic photophosphorylation and cyclic photophosphorylation.
Associate the positive and negative blood groups with the presence and absence of Rh factor.
Explain the effect of growth of human population on the ecosystem.
Explain the use of bacteria in research and technology.
List the diseases caused by prions and viroids.
Outline the role of important plant growth regulators.
Describe the general characteristics of chordates and vertebrates.
Describe nucleic acids and molecular structure of nucleotides.
Explain the Calvin cycle (the regeneration of RuBP should be understood in outline only.)
Justify why Rh incompatibility could be a danger to the developing foetus and mother.
Describe the 4 important ecosystems of Pakistan
Describe important bacterial diseases in man e.g. cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and pneumonia; emphasizing their symptoms, causative bacteria, treatments, and preventative measures.
Interpret how viral infections cause global economic loss.
Explain the types of movement in plants in response to light, force of gravity, touch and chemicals.
Describe the general characteristics of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Distinguish among the nitrogenous bases found in the nucleotides of nucleic acids.
Explain the process of anaerobic respiration in terms of glycolysis and conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol.
Explain Erythroblastosisfetalis in the light of antigen-antibody reaction.
Describe important bacterial diseases in plants in terms of spots, blights, soft rots, wilts, and galls; emphasizing their symptoms, causative bacteria, and preventative measures.
Describe the limitations of the vaccine for the common cold / flu virus
Define photoperiodism.
Outline the examples of a mononucleotide (ATP) and a dinucleotide (NAD).
Illustrate the links reaction as conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
Suggest measures to counter the problem of Erythroblastosisfetalis before it occurs.
Define the term normal flora.
Classify with examples plants on the basis of photoperiodism and Describe the mechanism of photoperiodism with reference to the mode of action of phytochromes.
Illustrate the formation of phosphodiester bond.
Outline the steps of Krebs cycle.
Define and relate the terms; polygenic and epistasis.
Describe the benefits of the bacterial flora of humans.
Explain the role of low temperature treatment on flower production especially to biennials and perennials.
Explain the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick.
Trace the passage of electrons through the electron transport chain.
Describe polygenic inheritance using suitable examples from plants (grain colour in wheat) and animals (skin colour in man).
List the chemical and physical methods used to control harmful bacteria.
Explain the general structure of RNA.
Describe chemiosmosis and Relate it with electron transport chain.
List at least five polygenic traits discovered in humans.
Explain protists as a diverse group of eukaryotes that has polyphyletic origin and defined only by exclusion from other groups.
Distinguish in terms of functions and roles, the three types of RNA
Explain the substrate level phosphorylation during which exergonic reactions are coupled with the synthesis of ATP.
Give one example of epistasis from mammals (coat colour inheritance in Labrador retrievers) and one from plants (pigment phenotype in foxgloves) and justify modified Mendelian ratios.
Describe the salient features with examples of protozoa, algae, myxomycota and oomycota as the major groups of protists.
Discuss the Central Dogma.
Justify the importance of G3P in photosynthesis
Describe the terms gene linkage and crossing over.
Justify how protists are important for humans.
Define conjugated molecules and describe the roles of common conjugated molecules i.e. glycolipids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins and nucleoproteins.
Outline the formation of acetyl CoA from fats
Explain that gene linkage counters independent assortment and crossing-over modifies the progeny.
Compare and contrast respiration of fats and glucose.
Suggest that linkage can be observed / evaluated only if the number of progeny is quite large.
Define photorespiration
Explain the XX-XY mechanism of sex determination in mammals.
Classify fungi into zygomycota, ascomycota, deutromycota and basidiomycota and give the diagnostic features of each group.
Outline the events occurring through photorespiration.
Identify male and female individuals from the karyotype of man.
Explain yeast as unicellular fungi that are used for baking and brewing and are also becoming very important for genetic research.
Rationalize how the disadvantageous process of photorespiration evolved.
Solve the genetics problems related to XX-XY, sex determination.
Name a few fungi from which antibiotics are obtained.
Explain the effect of temperature on the oxidative activity of RuBP carboxylase.
Describe the concept of sex linkage.
Explain the mutualism established in mycorrhizae and lichen associations.
Outline the process of C 4 photosynthesis as an adaptation evolved in some plants to deal with the problem of photorespiration.
Explain the inheritance of sex linked traits (eye colour) in Drosophila.
Give examples of edible fungi.
Describe the sex linked inheritance of male characters due to Y-chromosome and the effect of Hollandric genes.
Describe the ecological impact of fungi causing decomposition of recycling of materials.
Describe the X linked disorders with reference to the patterns of inheritance.
Discuss the pathogenic role of fungi
Name some of the sex-linked disorders of man (Red green colour blindness, Haemophilia) .
Explain the techniques employed for embryonic screening e.g., Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling
Annotate the detailed structure of a chromosome.
Narrate the experimental work of Griffith and Hershey Chase, which proved that DNA is the hereditary material.
Describe the three models proposed about the mechanism of DNA replication.
Narrate the work of Meselson and Stahl to justify the semiconservative replication as the correct method of replication.
Describe the events of the process of DNA replication.
Describe DNA stability and variability as two characters of the replicating DNA molecule.
Describe the characteristics of genetic code (universal, triplet, non-overlapping, degenerate, has no punctuation).
Differentiate between the terms genetic code and codon.
Explain the mechanism of transcription.
Explain why the length of transcribed mRNA molecule (in Eukaryotes) shortens as it enters the cytoplasm for translation.
Describe the mechanism of protein synthesis.
State the difference between protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Suggest possible ways in which the synthesized protein can be used within or outside a cell that synthesized it.
State the importance of the regulation of gene expression.
Describe the negative control of gene expression by repressor proteins.
Describe the positive control of gene expression by activator proteins.
Define mutation and identify various sources of mutation.
Differentiate between natural and induced mutations and mutagens.
Justify most mutations are harmful.
Rationalize that mutations might be a contributing factor towards evolution.
Describe the symptoms, causes and possible available treatments of some of the chromosomal mutations. (Down's, Klinefelter's and Turner's syndrome)
Describe the symptoms, causes and possible available treatments of some of the gene mutations.