## 5.1 Introduction to Internet of Things The term **Internet of Things (IoT)** is a combination of two core components: - **Internet**: The global network infrastructure that provides connectivity. - **Things**: Refers to everyday physical devices that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data over the Internet. ### Defining the Internet of Things (IoT) IoT refers to the network of physical objects—"things"—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. ### Examples of IoT 'Things' A wide range of physical devices can be part of an IoT network: - **Wearables:** Smart watches and fitness trackers. - **Mobile Devices:** Smart mobiles. - **Home Automation:** - Smart security systems - Smart light bulbs - Smart doorbells and locks - Smart TVs - General home appliances - **Healthcare:** Medical sensors and heart rate monitors. ### Characteristics of Modern IoT Devices Due to advancements in technology, modern IoT devices typically feature: - **Smaller physical size**: Integration of micro-electronics. - **Higher processing power**: Ability to handle complex data locally. - **Longer battery life**: Optimized power consumption for long-term use. IoT devices often rely on sensors to capture data from the physical world. This data is usually converted into digital signals for processing. ### Wireless Technologies for IoT Networks Several wireless technologies are used to create the networks that connect IoT devices: - **Wi-Fi:** For high-bandwidth communication over local networks. - **Bluetooth:** For short-range, low-power communication between devices. - **Zigbee:** A low-power, low-data-rate wireless standard for mesh networking, common in home automation. - **NFC (Near Field Communication):** For extremely short-range communication, often used for pairing devices or transactions. ### Application Example: Smart Home A common application of IoT is the *smart home*, where various home devices are interconnected to provide automation, security, and convenience. In such a system, **Actuators** play a vital role by performing physical actions (like locking a door or turning off a valve) based on the data received. ### Components and Challenges An IoT system generally consists of four main components: Sensors/Devices, Connectivity, Data Processing, and User Interface. While IoT offers great convenience, it also brings challenges, particularly regarding data privacy and cybersecurity.