# Importance of Fungi Fungi are significant organisms with major roles in ecology, medicine, and industry. They can be both beneficial, acting as decomposers and sources of food and medicine, and harmful, causing diseases in plants and animals. ## Importance of Yeast (*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*) Yeast is a single-celled fungus renowned for its diverse applications in food production, research, and biotechnology. - **Fermentation:** Yeast metabolizes sugars (like glucose) into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. - **Brewing:** This process is fundamental to producing alcoholic beverages like beer and wine, creating their characteristic alcohol content and flavors. - **Baking:** Yeast acts as a leavening agent. The carbon dioxide gas produced gets trapped in dough, causing it to rise and giving bread its light, airy texture. - **Genetic Research Model:** As a simple eukaryote with a well-understood genome, yeast is an ideal model organism for studying fundamental biological processes, including mutations, genetic recombination, and cell biology. - **Biotechnology:** - Yeast can incorporate foreign DNA, making it a valuable tool for producing eukaryotic proteins like interferons (used in cancer research) and the hepatitis B vaccine. - It is also used to produce commercial enzymes and biofuels. - **Food Production:** Beyond baking and brewing, yeast contributes to the production of foods like cheese, yogurt, and soy sauce. ## Fungi as a Source of Antibiotics Many fungi naturally produce chemical compounds that inhibit the growth of bacteria. These compounds have been isolated and are used as powerful medicines. | **Table 7.6: Antibiotics Obtained from Fungi** | | | :--- | :--- | | **Name of Fungus** | **Antibiotic** | | *Penicillium chrysogenum* | Penicillin | | *Streptomyces griseus* | Streptomycin | | *Streptomyces aureofaciens* | Tetracycline | | *Saccharopolyspora erythraea* | Erythromycin | | *Aspergillus fumigatus* | Fumigatin | ## Mutualism: Lichens and Mycorrhizae *Mutualism* is a symbiotic relationship where both participating organisms benefit. Fungi form two key mutualistic associations. ### Lichens - **Definition:** A composite organism arising from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the *mycobiont*, usually an Ascomycete) and a photosynthetic partner (the *photobiont*, either a green alga or a cyanobacterium). - **Structure:** - The fungus provides a protective structure and absorbs water and minerals. - The alga or cyanobacterium performs photosynthesis, providing carbohydrates for the fungus. - **Nature of Relationship:** While traditionally viewed as mutualistic, recent studies suggest it may be a form of *controlled parasitism*, where the fungus cultivates and exploits the algal cells. ### Mycorrhizae - **Definition:** A mutualistic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant (occurs in approximately 95% of higher plant families). - **Function:** The fungal hyphae vastly increase the surface area of the plant's root system, enhancing the uptake of essential soil nutrients like phosphorus, zinc, and copper. In return, the plant provides the fungus with sugars produced via photosynthesis. - **Types of Mycorrhizae:** | Feature | **Endomycorrhizae** | **Ectomycorrhizae** | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Interaction** | Fungal hyphae *penetrate* the outer cells of the plant root. | Fungal hyphae form a sheath *around* the root and grow between cells. | | **Appearance** | Not visible on the root surface. | Forms a visible mantle or sheath on the root exterior. | | **Associated Plants** | Most herbaceous plants, crops. | Primarily trees like pines and firs. | ## Edible and Poisonous Fungi - **Edible Fungi:** - **Mushrooms:** Approximately 200 edible species, such as those from the *Agaricus* genus. - **Ascomycetes:** Includes delicacies like morels (*Morchella esculenta*) and truffles. - **Fermentation:** *Aspergillus* species are used to ferment soybeans for soy sauce. - **Poisonous Fungi (Toadstools):** - There is no simple way to distinguish edible from poisonous mushrooms; expert identification is required. - The genus *Amanita* contains some of the deadliest known mushrooms, including the destroying angel (*Amanita virosa*) and death cap (*Amanita phalloides*). Ingesting even one can be fatal. ## Ecological Impact of Fungi - **Decomposers and Nutrient Cycling:** Fungi are primary decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter (like wood and leaves) and returning essential nutrients to the soil. This process is critical for soil health and humus formation. - **Carbon Cycling:** Fungi release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during decomposition, playing a key role in the global carbon cycle. - **Predators:** Some fungi are predatory, helping to control populations of microscopic organisms like nematodes in the soil. - **Pollutant Degradation:** Fungi can perform biotransformation, breaking down environmental pollutants. ## Pathogenic Role of Fungi Fungi are causative agents of numerous diseases in plants and animals. ### Plant Diseases Fungi cause devastating crop diseases, leading to massive economic losses. - **Ascomycetes:** Cause powdery mildew, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease, apple scab, and brown rot of fruits. - **Basidiomycetes:** Cause smuts and rusts that infect cereal crops like wheat and corn. - **Ergot of Rye (*Claviceps purpurea*):** Infects rye grains and produces toxins harmful to humans. ### Animal and Human Diseases (Mycoses) - **Superficial Infections:** Affect the skin, hair, and nails. - *Ringworm:* Caused by fungi like *Microsporium audouni*. - *Athlete's foot:* Caused by *Tinea pedis*. - **Systemic Infections:** Infect internal tissues and organs. - *Candidiasis (Thrush):* An infection caused by *Candida* yeast. - *Histoplasmosis:* A serious lung infection caused by inhaling spores of the *Histoplasma* fungus. - *Aspergillosis:* A respiratory infection caused by *Aspergillus fumigatus*, common in birds and immunocompromised humans. - **Mycotoxins:** Toxic compounds produced by fungi. - **Aflatoxins:** Cancer-causing toxins produced by *Aspergillus flavus* in improperly stored grains. - **Ergotism:** Caused by ingesting rye infected with *Claviceps purpurea*. Symptoms include nervous spasms, convulsions, and gangrene. - **Opportunistic Infections:** Affect individuals with weakened immune systems. - *Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP):* Caused by *Pneumocystis jirovecii*, a major concern for individuals with HIV/AIDS.