Biology 12 syllabus

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All Biology 12 learning outcomes

Recognize receptors as transducers sensitive to various stimuli.
List the structural features of human skin that make it an impenetrable barrier against invasion by microbes. (1st line of defence)
Introduce genetic engineering
Define biostatistics and its use.
Define structural biology.
Define the respiratory surface and list its properties
Explain the drug discovery and development process.
Describe how climate change impacts flora and fauna
Explain the role of biological warfare occurs with examples.
Using the context provided, students should be able to: state a relevant prediction... identify the independent and dependent variables... Identify which key variables must be standardised...
Trace the path of a message transmitted to the CNS (central nervous system)for processing.
Explain how oil and sweat glands within the epidermis inhibit the growth and also kill microorganisms. (1st line of defence)
Explain polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Define mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range, percentile.
Explain that structure determination of biomolecules are important
Describe the main structural features and functions of the components of human respiratory system.
Define 4 classes of antibiotics (penecillins, Tetracyclins, Fluriquinolones and Sulfonamides) and describe their mode of action.
Describe how climate change can impact ocean biology in terms of its temperature and acidity as well as the resulting harmful effects.
Describe how biodefense could work to protect from biological warfare with examples.
Using the context provided, students should be able to: describe how to vary the independent variable... describe how to measure the values... describe how to standardise... describe... suitable volumes and concentrations... describe... control experiments...
Identify the three neurons (sensory, intermediate, motor) involved in nervous transmission.
Recognize the role of the acids of the digestive tract as killing bacteria present in food.
Outline the Function of Restriction Enzymes
Calculate mean, median, mode, standard deviation, range, percentile from a given set of data.
Describe how X-ray crystallography works.
Explain the ventilation mechanism in humans.
Name species that have gone extinct due to climate change.
Examine the hype behind the comics “genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics metabolomics”, to what extent is it valid or overblown?
From provided data, students should be able to: use tables and graphs... sketch or draw suitable graphs... decide which calculations are necessary... carry out appropriate calculations... use values of standard deviation... choose and carry out statistical tests... state a null hypothesis...
Identify muscles and glands as the effectors.
State the role of the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity and the mucous of the bronchi and bronchioles in trapping airborne microorganisms.
Describe plasmid as vector prokaryotes and Explain how recombinant plasmids can be formed
Sketch a bar chart for a given set of data.
Outline the online databases where biomolecule structures are available.
Discuss the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through blood.
Define antivirals and antiretrovirals
Explain synthetic biology with examples
Qualitative (categoric nominal, ordered ordinal) ... Quantitative (continuous)
Annotate the detailed structure of a sensory neuron, associative and a motor neuron
Describe the role of macrophages and neutrophils in killing bacteria.
Define Genetically modified organism
Sketch error bars based off of range or standard deviation for a a given set of data on bar chart.
Describe computational Biology.
Outline the role of respiratory pigments.
Describe advantages of monoclonal antibodies enjoy compared to other drug classes.
Students should be able to: summarise the main conclusions... identify key points... discuss the extent to which a given hypothesis is supported... give detailed scientific explanations... make further predictions...
Relate the structure of neurons with functions.
Explain how Natural Killer (NK) cells kill cells infected by microbes and cancer cells.
Explain the formation of human insulin protein in bacteria
Evaluate the appropriate type of figure or chart for a given set of data and/or experiment (bar chart, pie chart, x- y axis data figure etc).
Define Sequence Homology
State the causes, symptoms and treatment of upper Respiratory Tract Infections (sinusitis, otitis media) and lower Respiratory Tract Infections (pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis).
Students should be able to: identify anomalous values... suggest possible explanations... assess whether the results have been replicated... assess whether the range of values... were appropriate... assess whether the method of measuring is appropriate... make informed judgements about validity... suggest how an investigation could be improved...
Differentiate between myelinated and non-myelinated neurons.
State the way proteins of the complement system kill bacteria and that interferons inhibit viruses from infecting cells.
Describe how vertical food farms (soil free) work.
Make the appropriate chart with proper title, labelled axes, legend, axes units.
Define Structural Homology
Describe the disorders of lungs (emphysema and COPD)
Explain the function of the three types of neurons with the help of a reflex arc.
State the events of the inflammatory response as a generalized, nonspecific defence.
Compare and contrast the advantages of vertical food farms with general agricultural practices prevalent in Pakistan.
Design an appropriate experiment with a control group and dependent, independent and control variables.
List the effects of smoking on respiratory system
Define nerve impulse.
Outline the release of pyrogens by microbes and their effect on the hypothalamus to boost the body's temperature.
List various nitrogenous compounds excreted during the process of excretion.
Describe the generation and transmission of nerve impulse
List the ways that fever affects microbes.
Explain the nature of excretory products in relation to habitat.
Name the factors responsible for the resting membrane potential of neuron.
Define the specific immune system as providing specific defence and acting as the most powerful means of resisting infection.
Outline different organs of the urinary system.
Evaluate from a graph the phenomena of polarization, depolarization and hyperpolarization of membrane.
Identify monocytes, T-cells, and B-cells as components of the immune system.
Describe the structure of kidney
Compare the velocities of nerve impulse in the axon membrane and in the synaptic cleft.
State inborn and acquired immunity as the two basic types of immunity.
Relate the structure of the kidney with its function.
Describe the role of local circuits in saltatory conduction of nerve impulse.
Differentiate between active and passive immunity as the two types of acquired immunity.
Explain the detailed structure of a nephron.
Outline the structure of synapse.
Describe the role of T-cells in cell-mediated immunity.
Explain the processes of glomerular filtration, selective re-absorption and tubular secretion as the events in kidney functioning.
Explain synaptic transmission of nerve impulse.
Describe the role of B-cells in antibody-mediated immunity.
Explain regulatory mechanism involved in concentration of urine
Classify neurotransmitters as inhibitory and excitatory and list some common examples.
Discuss the role of T-cells and B-cells in transplant rejections.
Justify the functioning of kidneys as both excretion and osmoregulation.
Identify the main components of the nervous system
Evaluate the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and justify how this accomplishment revolutionized many aspects of biological research.
Compare the function of two major capillary beds in kidneys i.e. glomerular capillaries and peritubular capillaries.
Explain briefly the major parts functions of major divisions of the brain and its functions of brain.
Identify the process of vaccination as a means to develop active acquired immunity.
List urinary tract infections and the bacteria responsible.
Describe the architecture of human brain
Draw the structural model of an antibody molecule.
Explain the causes and treatments of kidney stones.
Describe cranial and spinal nerves in man.
Explain the role of memory cells in long term immunity.
Outline the causes of kidney failure.
Explain the structure, types and functions of the autonomic of autonomic nervous system.
Define allergies and correlate the symptoms of allergies with the release of histamines.
Explain in detail the mechanism and problems related to dialysis.
State the role of hormones as chemical messengers.
Describe the autoimmune diseases with examples.
Describe the principles and the problems associated with kidney transplant
Describe the chemical nature of hormones and correlate it with important hormones.
Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion in the oral cavity.
Locate the endocrine glands in human body name the hormones they release and their functions ; (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads.)
Explain swallowing and peristalsis.
Relate the problems associated with the imbalance of these hormones.
Illustrate with a diagram the structure of the stomach and relate each component with the mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach.
Explain the neurosecretory role of hypothalamus.
Identify the role of the nervous system and gastrin hormone on the secretion of gastric juice.
Outline the concept of Feedback mechanism of hormones and .Describe positive feedback with reference to Oxytocin and negative feedback with reference to Insulin and Glucagon
Describe the major actions carried out on food in the three regions of the small intestine.
Explain the structure and functioning of the receptors for smell, taste and touch / pain.
Trace the absorption of digested products from the small intestine lumen to the blood capillaries and lacteals of the villi.
Define narcotic drugs as agents that interact with the normal nervous activity.
Describe the component parts of large intestine with their respective roles.
Compare the use and abuse of drugs with respect to heroine, Cannabis, nicotine, alcohol and inhalants like nail polish remover and glue.
Correlate the involuntary reflex for egestion in infants and the voluntary control in adults.
Explain the terms; drug addiction and drug tolerance with reference to caffeine and nicotine and their adverse effects.
Explain the storage and metabolic role of the liver.
Associate the effects of drug addiction and tolerance with the functioning of the nervous system.
Describe composition of bile and relate the constituents with respective roles.
Describe the way how pain medicines can reduce or numb pain in the human body.
Outline the structure of pancreas and explain its function as an exocrine gland.
Discuss that certain pain medications are addictive.
Relate the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice with the secretin hormone.
Classify nervous disorders into vascular, infectious, structural, functional and degenerative disorders
State the location of heart in the body and define the role of pericardium.
Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of one type of each category of disorders outlined above (e.g., , stroke as vascular, meningitis as infectious, brain tumor as structural, headache as functional, and Alzheimer disease as degenerative disorder).
Describe the structure of the walls of heart and rationalize the thickness of the walls of each chamber.
Explain the principles of the important diagnostic tests for nervous disorders i.e. EEG, CT scan and MRI
Trace the flow of blood through the heart as regulated by the valves.
State the phases of heartbeat.
Explain the role of SA node, AV node and Purkinje fibers in controlling the heartbeat.
List the principles and uses of Electrocardiogram.
Describe the detailed structure of arteries, veins and capillaries.
Describe the role of arterioles in vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Describe the role of precapillary sphincters in of regulating the flow blood through capillaries.
Trace the path of the blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation (coronary, hepatic- portal and renal circulation.
Compare the rate of blood flow through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
Define blood pressure and explain its periods of systolic and diastolic pressure.
State the role of baroreceptors and volume receptors in regulating the blood pressure.
Define the term thrombus and differentiate between thrombus and embolus.
Identify the factors causing atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.
Categorize Angina pectoris, heart attack, and heart failure as the stages of cardiovascular disease development.
State the congenital heart problem related to the malfunctioning of cardiac valves.
Describe the principles of angiography.
Outline the main principles of coronary bypass, angioplasty and open-heart surgery.
Define hypertension and describe the factors that regulate blood pressure and can lead to hypertension and hypotension.
List the changes in lifestyles that can protect man from hypertension and cardiac problems.
Describe the formation, composition and function of intercellular fluid.
Compare the composition of intercellular fluid with that of lymph.
State the structure and role of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels and lymph trunks.
Describe the functions of lymph nodes and state the role of spleen as containing lymphoid tissue.
Describe the structure of bone and compare it with that of cartilage.
Explain the functions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes.
Identify the main divisions of the human skeleton. List the bones of the appendicular and axial skeleton of man.
Describe three types of joints i.e. fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints and give example of each.
Describe the disorders of human skeleton (disc-slip, spondylosis, sciatica, arthritis, osteoporosis) and their causes.
State different types of fractures (simple, compound and complicated) and describe the repair process of simple fractures.
Describe the injuries in joints (dislocation and sprain) and their first aid treatment.
Compare smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles.
Annotate the ultrastructure of the skeletal muscle.
Explain the sliding filaments model of muscle contraction.
Describe the action of antagonistic muscles in the movement of knee joint.
Explain muscle fatigue, cramps and tetany.
Differentiate between tetanus and muscle tetany.
Define thermoregulation and explain its needs.
Classify animals on the basis of the source of body heat i.e. ectotherms and endotherms.
Classify the animals on the basis of the ability to thermoregulate i.e. poikilotherms and homeotherms.
Describe the regulatory strategies in man for thermoregulation.
Describe three elements i.e. receptors, control center and effectors which operate homeostatic mechanisms.
Relate the homeostatic mechanisms with the negative and positive feedback systems.
Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
Define osmoregulation.
Explain the problems faced by osmoregulators.
Explain the different methods of osmoregulation found in freshwater, marine water and terrestrial